Osmosis is a natural process. When two liquids of different concentration are separated by a semi permeable membrane, the fluid has a tendency to move from low to high solute concentrations for chemical potential equilibrium.

Formally, reverse osmosis is the process of forcing a solvent from a region of high solute concentration through a semipermeable membrane to a region of low solute concentration by applying a pressure in excess of the osmotic pressure.

Deionized water also known as demineralized water is water that has had its mineral ions removed. Mineral ions such as cations of sodium, calcium, iron, copper, etc and anions such as chloride, sulphate, nitrate, etc are common ions present in water. Deionization is a physical process which uses specially-manufactured ion exchange resins which provides ion exchange site for the replacement of the mineral salts in water with water forming H+ and OH- ions.

The process of filtration involves the flow of water through a granular bed, of sand or another suitable media, at a low speed. The media retains most solid matter while permitting the water to pass. This type of slow filtration over a granular bed is generally known as slow sand filtration. It is the oldest method of filtration but still widely used in municipal water treatment plants & for industrial application as well.

More modern filtration systems use carbon as the main constituent material of the filter. This carbon is compressed into a solid block form, as opposed to the more loosely structured, granular, sand filters. Such filters often include other media substances, in addition to the compressed, solid carbon. This type of water filter is known as a multimedia filter. These filters clean water through both physical and chemical processes. Physically, they perform the same function as slow sand filters, blocking the passage of unwanted materials with molecular structures that are larger than water. Chemically, the carbon or multimedia filters perform an added filtration function. 

Description:

Cable tray system is used to support insulated electric cables used for power distribution and communication. Cable trays are used as an alternative to open wiring or electrical conduit systems, and are commonly used for cable management in commercial and industrial construction. They are especially useful in situations where changes to a wiring system are anticipated, since new cables can be installed by laying them in the tray, instead of pulling them through a pipe.

Types (few to mention):

• Perforated Types
• Ladder Type

The Effluent treatment plant is designed to treat the effluent coming from different areas of the plant. Effluent Treatment Plants or ETPs are to purify water and remove any toxic and noneffluent-treatment-plant toxic materials or chemicals from it. These plants are used for environment protection. An ETP plant is a plant where the treatment of industrial effluents and waste water is done. Effluent treatment is basically waste  treatment. The ETP plants are used widely in more or less all type of process  industries to reduce  BOD, COD, suspended solids & other contaminants  from waste water. The effluent water treatment plants are installed to reduce the possibility of pollution.

Bioreactors are reactors that convert or produce materials using functions naturally endowed to living creatures. Reactors using immobilized enzymes, microorganisms, animal, or plant cells and those applying new methodologies such as genetic manipulation or cell fusion are typical bioreactors. Bioreactors differ from conventional reactors as living organisms present in the reactors operate under milder conditions of temperature and pressure. The ranges of operating conditions within bioreactors are usually determined by the biocatalyst (organism) and are usually small.

Membrane Bioreactor (MBR) systems essentially consists of combination of membrane and biological reactor systems. These systems are the emerging technologies, currently developed for a variety of advanced wastewater treatment processes.

Ultra pure water is mainly used in the semi conductor and pharmaceutical industry. Because of the continuing miniaturilisation in the semi conductor industry, the specifications become more strict every year. Ultrapure water production often has to be done in two steps. For example, from tap water or fresh groundwater, the water should first be demineralised by membrane filtration or ion exchange to reach the ultimate conductivity of 10 uS/cm. The demineralised water is then processed through a high performance Mixed Bed or by Electrodeionisation to produce Ultrapure water.